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Profanity in science fiction (SF) shares all of the issues of profanity in fiction in general, but has several unique aspects of its own, including the use of alien profanities (such as the alien expletive "shazbot!" from ''Mork & Mindy'', a word that briefly enjoyed popular usage outside of that television show〔). ==Extent of usage== In his advice to other SF writers, Orson Scott Card states that there are no hard-and-fast rules for the use of profanity in SF stories, despite what may have been expected of writers in the past. The onus is squarely on the writer to determine how much profanity to use, to enquire as to each publisher's limits, and to think about the effect that the use of profanity will have on the reader, both in perceiving the characters and in possibly being offended by the story as a whole.〔〔 Card urges those writers who do decide to omit profanity from their stories to omit it completely. He regards the coinage of ''tanj'' ("There Ain't No Justice") by Larry Niven as a "noble experiment" that "proved that euphemisms are often worse than the crudities that they replace", because they make the story look silly. In Card's opinion, such nonce words simply don't work.〔〔 Ruth Wajnryb shares this opinion, stating that ''tanj'' or ''flarn'' don't work as profanities because they are not real, and are "just a futile attempt to give clean-cut stories some foul-mouthed action".〔 Jes Battis observes, in contrast, that the use of ''frell'' and ''dren'' in ''Farscape'' allowed the television series to get away with dialogue that would normally never have made it past broadcasting and network censorship. The words are respectively equivalent to ''fuck'' and ''shit'' and are used as both interjections and nouns in the series. In the episode "Suns and Lovers", for example, Aeryn Sun says "frell me dead!" as an exclamation of surprise, much as a real-world person would utter "well, fuck me!" or, indeed, "fuck me dead!" Battis also notes that ''Firefly'' used a similar strategy, by using Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese for all profanities, also using the word ''gorram'' as a replacement for ''god damn'', a phrase usually considered blasphemous. Likewise, dialogue in ''Babylon 5'' is liberally peppered with the word ''frag'' ('fuck'). Similarly, invented expletives are used throughout the ''Star Wars'' expanded universe. For example, the Alderaanian expletive ''stang'' was introduced in the 1978 novel ''Splinter of the Mind's Eye'' and subsequently used in ''Star Wars'' novels, comic books, and games. Also, ''Star Wars'' authors commonly use the Huttese curse ''fierfek'', first introduced in a short story published in the 1996 anthology ''Tales from Jabba's Palace'', and the Corelian curse ''sithspawn'', first introduced in the 1994/1995 comic book series ''Dark Empire II''. Parke Godwin opines that excessive profanity, as a part of naturalistic dialogue, "dulls much modern fiction and too many films" and states it to be a pitfall for novice writers, or for writers who never grow up, to fall into. He states that it is a "lazy copout that no longer frightens horses in the street, merely annoys and ultimately bores an intelligent reader". He advises writers that "less is more", and that if it really is the right thing for a character to be salty, it should be made clear to the reader why, observing as an example that in his science fiction novel ''Limbo Search'' the profanity used by character Janice Tyne is a symptom of her fear and tension, caused by being burned out at age 27 and afraid of the future. Wanda Raiford observes that the use of the nonce word ''frak'' in both ''Battlestar Galactica'' series is "an indispensable part of the naturalistic tone that show strives to achieve", noting that it, and ''toaster'' (a racial epithet for Cylons), allow the show to use obscene and racialist dialogue that no real-life educated American adult would consider using the real-life equivalents of in polite company. She compares the racial hatred associated with the use of ''nigger'' (an utterance of which she states to have preceded and accompanied "every lynching of a black person in America") to the racial hatred of the Cylons, by the humans, that the use of such phrases as ''frakking toasters'' indicates in the series. She also observes that several of the characters, including Gaius Baltar, are ''frakking toaster lovers''. In the series of Star Trek: New Frontier novels by Peter David, the principal protagonist, Captain Mackenzie Calhoun, frequently utters the word ''grozit'', a curse from his home world of Xenex. It is understood to be the equivalent to ''shit''. The 2005 video game ''Star Wars: Republic Commando'' also used ''fierfek'', the expletive popular in the ''Star Wars'' franchise. This word is described in-universe as being an alien loan-word originally meaning 'poison', but has been adopted by the game's special forces protagonists as a curse word to make the illusion of playing as commandos more believable. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「profanity in science fiction」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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